Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)
Tokoh Penemu Radioaktivitas
Penemu radio aktivitas Antoine Henri Becquerel ini lahir di Paris tahun 1852. Pendidikannya baik, dapat gelar doktor tahun 1888. Tahun 1892 dia jadi gurubesar fisika praktis di Musium Sejarah Alam (Musee d’ Histoire Naturelle) di Paris. Menarik untuk dicatat, baik kakek maupun bapaknya bukan saja sama-sama ahli fisika tetapi juga pernah menempati kedudukan yang sama. |
Anehnya, anaknya pun begitu. Di tahun 1895 Becquerel jadi gurubesar fisika di perguruan tinggi politeknik. (Ecole Polytechnique) di Paris. Di sinilah pada tahun 1896 dia membuat penemuan besar yang membuat namanya kesohor.
Penemu radio aktivitas Antoine Henri Becquerel ini lahir di Paris tahun 1852. Pendidikannya baik, dapat gelar doktor tahun 1888. Tahun 1892 dia jadi gurubesar fisika praktis di Musium Sejarah Alam (Musee d’ Histoire Naturelle) di Paris. Menarik untuk dicatat, baik kakek maupun bapaknya bukan saja sama-sama ahli fisika tetapi juga pernah menempati kedudukan yang sama. Anehnya, anaknya pun begitu. Di tahun 1895 Becquerel jadi gurubesar fisika di perguruan tinggi politeknik. (Ecole Polytechnique) di Paris. Di sinilah pada tahun 1896 dia membuat penemuan besar yang membuat namanya kesohor.
Tahun sebelumnya Wilhelm Rontgen menemukan sinar X, satu penemuan yang menggemparkan masyarakat ilmiah. Rontgen memprodusir sinar X dengan menggunakan tabung katoda sinar, Becquerel berpikir apakah sinar X tidak bisa diprodusir dengan kegiatan sinar matahari biasa di atas substansi non-metal. Becquerel memiliki di laboratoriumnya beberapa kristal “Potasium uranium sulfate” –satu campuran yang dia tahu non-metalik– dan dia memutuskan melakukan percobaan dengan itu: pertama, dia menempelkan beberapa kertas hitam tebal di sekeliling lembaran fotografis untuk meyakinkan tidak ada cahaya yang bisa tampak dapat mencapai lembaran itu. Lantas dia letakkan kristal non-metalik di atas lembaran yang tertutup itu dan menyodorkannya ke bawah sinar matahari. Cukup meyakinkan tatkala kemudian dapat menemukan film fotografis, satu bayangan kristal muncul di atasnya.
Mulanya Becquerel yakin bahwa dia sudah berhasil menemukan sumber sinar X baru. Kemudian, secara kebetulan, dia menemukan bahwa campuran uranium akan memasukkan radiasi meskipun tidak disodorkan kepada cahaya yang terbuka. Memang ada hari-hari di mana buat Becquerel masih samar-samar dan bimbang mengulangi percobaannya sebagaimana mestinya. Karena itu dia letakkan barang-barangnya –kristal dan lembaran fotografis yang terbungkus rapi dan hati-hati– jauh-jauh di lacinya, tanpa terlebih dulu menampakkan kristalnya di bawah cahaya matahari. Beberapa hari kemudian tak urung dia memutuskan mencuci lembaran fotografis yang tak terpakai itu. Dia terkejut, lembaran itu menampakkan bayangan kristal!
Jelaslah apa yang terjadi bukanlah non-metal biasa. Dengan bijak Becquerel memutuskan mengurungkan proyek aslinya dan menggantinya dengan penyelidikan fenomena yang aneh yang dialaminya. Segera dia mengetahui bahwa radiasi akan diteruskan oleh tiap campuran kimiawi uranium bukanlah sinar X. (Untuk sementara disebut sinar Becquerel). Becquerel juga menemukan bahwa jenis baru radiasi ini akan diteruskan oleh tiap-tiap kimiawi uranium dan tidak saja oleh apa yang diselidikinya pertama kali. Kenyataannya, dia menemukan bahwa meskipun uranium metal mengandung radioaktif. Karena radiasi tidak tergantung samasekali pada bentuk kimiawi uranium, Becquerel menyadari bahwa radio aktivitas bukanlah berasal dari kimiawi, tetapi harus dari atom uranium itu sendiri.
Tahun 1896 Becquerel menerbitkan beberapa kertas kerja ilmiah tentang fenomena yang diketemukannya. Diantara para ilmuwan yang membaca kertas kerja menjadi tertarik dan kemudian yang melakukan penyelidikan tambahan adalah Marie Curie. Dia segera mengetahui bahwa unsur “thorium” juga mengandung radioaktif. Bekerja sama dengan suaminya, Pierre, dia juga menemukan dua hal yang dulunya tidak dikenal, yaitu “polonium” dan “radium”, keduanya mengandung radioaktif. (Kebetulan Marie Curie-lah yang pertama kali menggunakan istilah “radio aktivitas” untuk menjelaskan fenomena itu).
Ilmuwan lain, termasuk Ernest Rutherford dan Frederick Soddy, juga melakukan penyelidikan fenomena ini, dan dalam tempo singkat mengetahui bahwa sinar Becquerel mengandung tiga jenis radiasi. Para ilmuwan menamakannya “sinar alpa”, “sinar beta” dan “sinar gamma” dan mulai mempelajari ihwal ketiga sinar itu.
Aspek yang paling menarik dari sinar-sinar ini adalah energi yang terkandungnya. Substansi radioaktif jelas meneruskan energi dalam jumlah besar dan tampaknya tak ada kemungkinan lain daripada kesemuanya datang dari bagian dalam atom. Ini teramatlah menariknya, karena sebelum penemuan radioaktif tak pernah sebiji sawi pun ada anggapan bahwa atom bisa mengandung begitu besar energi.
Tahun 1903 Becquerel dapat Hadiah Nobel untuk fisika bersama-sama Pierre dan Marie Curie. Dia meninggal tahun 1908 di kota Le Croisic, Perancis.
Radioaktif itu punya arti penting karena beberapa sebab. Pertama, punya pelbagai kegunaan langsung, misalnya untuk pengobatan kanker. Kedua, punya manfaat besar buat penyelidikan ilmiah. Radioaktif menolong kita peroleh keterangan tentang struktur nuklir; petunjuk radioaktif digunakan dalam penyelidikan biokimia; pencarian keterangan waktu radioaktif suatu alat penting dalam penyelidikan geologi dan arkeologi. Tetapi makna terbesarnya karena tersingkapnya kenyataan bahwa sejumlah besar energi “tersimpan” dalam atom. Dalam tempo lima puluh tahun sejak penemuan Becquerel, ditemukan teknik untuk melepas jumlah besar energi atom dalam saat singkat. (Bom yang dijatuhkan di Hiroshima terdiri dari uranium). Reaktor nuklir, tentu saja, menyajikan cara pelepasan energi atom secara lebih terawasi dan lebih perlahan.
Di mana letak kedudukan Becquerel dalam daftar seratus tokoh ini? Tentu saja tidak beralasan menganggap kesemua perkembangan nuklir itu merupakan jasa Becquerel seorang. Sebab, banyak pula orang lain terlibat dalam pengembangan ini. Kendati begitu, penemuan radioaktif Becquerel merupakan salah satu penemuan embryo dalam ilmu pengetahuan. Kenyataan menunjukkan, ada persamaan antara Becquerel dan Leeuwenhoek. Seperti halnya Leeuwenhoek menemukan kehidupan mikroskopis dalam satu titik air, begitu pula Becquerel menemukan dunia baru tak terduga dalam atom. Keduanya menemukannya secara tak sengaja. Namun, hal itu tak akan terjadi kalau saja mereka tidak melakukan penyelidikan serius.
Betapa pun ada persamaan antara kedua orang itu, rasanya jelas Becquerel harus ditempatkan di bawah Leeuwenhoek. Baksil dan pengetahuan kita mengenainya punya peranan yang lebih besar dalam kehidupan manusia ketimbang radioaktif dan tenaga atom.
Di lain pihak, saya pikir Becquerel punya arti lebih penting dibanding orang-orang lain (seperti Enrico Fermi) yang lebih langsung terlibat dalam pembikinan bom atom. Sebelum tahun 1895 tak ada pandangan teoritis yang menunjukkan bahwa fenomena radioaktif merupakan hal yang ada. Sekali kunci penemuan diketahui, penemuan berikutnya di bidang itu sedikit banyak tak bisa dicegah lagi.
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